Ackerman, C. (2021). Gratitude journal: 66 templates, ideas, and apps for your diary. PositivePsychology. Retrieved from https://positivepsy- chology.com/gratitude-journal/
Addiction Policy Forum. What are risk and protective factors for addiction? (2020, January 13). Retrieved from https://www.addictionpolicy. org/post/what-are-risk-and-protective-factors-for-addiction
Addiction Prevention Coalition. (2019). Everything you need to know about medication-assisted treatment. Retrieved from https://apcb- ham.org/2019/12/09/everything-you-need-to-know-about-medication- assisted-treatment/
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). (2014). Membership survey. Retrieved from https://www.aa.org/assets/en_US/p-48_membershipsurvey.pdf
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). (2017). This is A.A. An introduction to the A.A. recovery program. Retrieved from https://www.aa.org/assets/ en_US/p-1_thisisaa1.pdf
American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5™ (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
American Psychological Association (APA). (2021). APA dictionary of psychology. Retrieved from https://dictionary.apa.org/
American Sleep Association. (2020). Sleep hygiene tips, research & treatments. American Sleep Association. Retrieved from https://www.slee- passociation.org/about-sleep/sleep-hygiene-tips/
American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM). (2019). ASAM definition of addiction. Retrieved from https://www.asam.org/Quality-Science/ definition-of-addiction
Arun, P., Chavan, B. S., & Kaur, H. (2004). A study of reasons for not seeking treatment for substance abuse in community. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 46(3), 256–260.
Belcher, H. M. E., & Shinitzky, H. E. (1998). Substance abuse in children: Prediction, protection, and prevention. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 152(10), 952–960. https://doi.org/10.1001/ archpedi.152.10.952
Bevilacqua, L., & Goldman, D. (2009). Genes and addictions. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 85(4), 359–361. https://doi.org/10.1038/ clpt.2009.6
Bose, J., Hedden, S. L., Lipari, R. N., Park-Lee, E., & Tice, P. (2018). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. SMA 18–5068, NSDUH Series H-53). Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
Bubnis, D. (2020). The definitive guide to yoga for beginners and experts. Healthline. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/ fitness-exercises/definitive-guide-to-yoga
Buck, C. (2015). Establishing effective personal boundaries. Vanderbilt Faculty & Staff Health and Wellness. Retrieved from https:// www.vumc.org/health-wellness/news-resource-articles/establishing- effective-personal-boundaries
Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (2014). Understanding the impact of trauma. In Trauma-informed care in behavioral health services.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK207191/
Centers for Disease Control. (2020, April 3). Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/violencepreven– tion/aces/index.html
Cleantis, T. (2020, April 17). Boundaries and self-care. Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation. Retrieved from https://www.hazeldenbettyford.org/ articles/cleantis/self-care-skills-relationships
Cleveland Clinic. (2021). Do positive affirmations work? What experts say. Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved from https://health.clevelandclinic.org/ do-positive-affirmations-work/
Columbia University School of Social Work. (2022). Social support network map. Retrieved from https://ssnm.ctl.columbia.edu/
Donovan, D. M., Ingalsbe, M. H., Benbow, J., & Daley, D. C. (2013). 12-step interventions and mutual support programs for substance use disorders: An overview. Social Work in Public Health, 28(3–4), 313–333 https://doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2013.774663
Editorial Staff (2020). Drug addiction denial signs. Recovery First Treatment Center. Retrieved from https://recoveryfirst.org/blog/ three-signs-you-are-in-denial-about-your-drug-addiction/
Esser, M. B., Sherk, A., Liu, Y., Naimi, T. S., Stockwell, T., Stahre, M., Kanny, D., Landen, M., Saitz, R., & Brewer, R. D. (2020). Deaths and years of potential life lost from excessive alcohol use—United States, 2011– 2015. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69. https:// doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6939a6
Esser, M. B., Pickens, C. M., Guy, G. P., & Evans, M. E. (2021). Binge drinking, other substance use, and concurrent use in the U.S., 2016– 2018. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 60(2), 169–178. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2020.08.025
Firth, S. (2016, November 17). Surgeon General: Addiction Not a “Moral Failing.” MedPage Today. Retrieved from https://www.medpagetoday. com/psychiatry/addictions/61531
Fowler, P. (2022). Breathing techniques for stress relief. WebMD. Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/balance/stress-management/ stress-relief-breathing-techniques
George, O., & Koob, G. F. (2017). Individual differences in the neuro-psychopathology of addiction. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 19(3), 217–229. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2017.19.3/gkoob
Grant, J. E., & Chamberlain, S. R. 2016. Expanding the definition of addiction: DSM-5 vs. ICD-11. CNS Spectrums, 21(4), 300–303. https:// doi.org/10.1017/S1092852916000183
Gravielle, M. C. (2016). Effect of chronic benzodiazepine exposure on GABAA receptors: Regulation of gaba/benzodiazepine site interactions. In V. R. Preedy (Ed.), Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Sub- stance Misuse (pp. 308–316). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/ B978-0-12-800634-4.00030-5
Grinspoon, P.G. (2021, September 28). Poverty, homelessness, and social stigma make addiction more deadly. Harvard Health. https://www.health. harvard.edu/blog/poverty-homelessness-and-social-stigma-make-addic-tion-more-deadly-202109282602
Hadland, S. E., Park, T. W., & Bagley, S. M. (2018). Stigma associated with medication treatment for young adults with opioid use disorder: a case series. Addiction Science & Clinical Practice, 13(1), 1–4. https:// doi.org/10.1186/s13722-018-0116-2
Hartney, E. (2020, March 21) DSM 5 criteria for substance use disorders. Verywell Mind. Retrieved from https://www.verywellmind.com/ dsm-5-criteria-for-substance-use-disorders-21926
Heath, A. C., Lynskey, M. T., & Waldron, M. (2008). Substance use and substance use disorder. In M. Rutter, D. Bishop, D. Pine, S.
Scott, J. Stevenson, E. Taylor, & A. Thapar (Eds.), Rutter’s child and adolescent psychiatry (pp. 565–586). Wiley Blackwell. https://doi. org/10.1002/9781444300895.ch36
HelpGuide. (n.d.) Understanding Addiction—HelpGuide.org. Help- Guide. Retrieved from https://www.helpguide.org/harvard/how-addic– tion-hijacks-the-brain.htm
Henry, T. A. 2019. Court listened to AMA on defining alcoholism as a disease, not a crime. American Medical Association. Retrieved from https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/ court-listened-ama-defining-alcoholism-disease-not-crime
Indiana University Health. (2022, March 8). Is Addiction Really a Disease? IU Health. Retrieved from https://iuhealth.org/thrive/ is-addiction-really-a-disease
Jêdrzejczak, M. (2005). Family and environmental factors of drug addiction among young recruits. Military Medicine, 170(8), 688–690. https:// doi.org/10.7205/milmed.170.8.688
Johnson, B. R., Pagano, M. E., Lee, M. T., & Post, S. G. (2018). Alone on the inside: The impact of social isolation and helping others on AOD use and criminal activity. Youth & Society, 50(4), 529–550. https://doi. org/10.1177/0044118X15617400
Khoury, L., Tang, Y. L., Bradley, B., Cubells, J. F., & Ressler, K. J. (2010). Substance use, childhood traumatic experience, and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban civilian population. Depression and Anxiety, 27(12), 1077–1086. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20751
Kissin, B. (1983). The disease concept of alcoholism. In R. G. Smart, B. Glaser, Y. Israel, H. Kalant, R. E. Popham, & W. Schmidt (Eds.), Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems: Volume 7 (pp. 93–126). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3626-6_3
Lahousen, T., Unterrainer, H. F., & Kapfhammer, H.-P. (2019). Psycho-biology of attachment and trauma—some general remarks from a clinical
perspective. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 914. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fpsyt.2019.00914
Lang, B., & Rosenberg, H. (2017). Public perceptions of behavioral and substance addictions. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 31(1), 79–84. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000228
Lawrenz, L. (2021) Human connection: Why it’s important. Psych Central. Retrieved from https://psychcentral.com/lib/the-importance- of-connection
Legg, T. J. (2017, October 31). What’s to know about codependent relationships? Medical News Today. Retrieved from https://www.medical- newstoday.com/articles/319873
Livne, O., Shmulewitz, D., Lev-Ran, S., & Hasin, D. S. (2019). DSM-5 cannabis withdrawal syndrome: Demographic and clinical correlates in US adults. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 195, 170–177. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.09.005
MacBride, K. (2019, August 29). Why addiction seems so irrational— and how to help your loved one. Healthline. Retrieved from https://www. healthline.com/health/why-addiction-seems-irrational-help
Madel. (2020, August 20). 6 Ways to self-care journal (how to journal for self-care). Tracking Happiness. Retrieved from https://www.track- inghappiness.com/how-to-self-care-journal/
Mayo Clinic. (2022) Drug addiction (substance use disorder) – symptoms and causes. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic. org/diseases-conditions/drug-addiction/symptoms-causes/syc-20365112
McLeod, S. (2017, February 5). Attachment theory. Simply Psychology. Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/attachment.html
Milner, A., Krnjacki, L., & LaMontagne, A. D. (2016). Age and gender differences in the influence of social support on mental health:
A longitudinal fixed-effects analysis using 13 annual waves of the HILDA cohort. Public Health, 140, 172–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. puhe.2016.06.029
Mindful. (2020). How to meditate. Mindful. Retrieved from https:// www.mindful.org/how-to-meditate/
Morales, A. M., Jones, S. A., Kliamovich, D., Harman, G., & Nagel, J. (2020). Identifying early risk factors for addiction later in life: A review of prospective longitudinal studies. Current Addiction Reports, 7(1), 89–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-019-00282-y
Motley, K. (2022, May 6). Best sober living homes / what is a sober living home? DrugAbuse. Accessed on May 13, 2022 2021. Retrieved from https://drugabuse.com/blog/sober-living-homes/
National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK). (2008). Introduction to drug misuse. Drug misuse: Psychosocial interventions. British Psychological Society. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ books/NBK53217/
National Conference of State Legislatures. (2018, August 28). Preventing and mitigating the effects of adverse childhood experiences. Retrieved from https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/preventing-and-mitigating- the-effects-of-adverse-childhood-experiences.aspx
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA, 2008). Alcohol alert. Retrieved from https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/ aa76/aa76.htm
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2002, February 1). Risk and Protective Factors in Drug Abuse Prevention. https://archives.dru- gabuse.gov/news-events/nida-notes/2002/02/risk-protective-factors- in-drug-abuse-prevention
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2005, June 1). Drug Abuse and Addiction: One of America’s Most Challenging Public Health
Problems. Retrieved from https://archives.drugabuse.gov/publications/ drug-abuse-addiction-one-americas-most-challenging-public-health- problems
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2007). The Neurobiology of Drug Addiction. Retrieved from https://nida.nih.gov/sites/default/ files/1922-the-neurobiology-of-drug-addiction.pdf
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2018a, August 15). Comorbidity: Substance use and other mental disorders. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/trends-statistics/infographics/ comorbidity-substance-use-other-mental-disorders
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2018b, July 2). The Science of Drug Use and Addiction: The Basics. Retrieved from https://archives. drugabuse.gov/publications/media-guide
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2019, August 5). Genetics and epigenetics of addiction: DrugFacts. Retrieved from https://www. drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/genetics-epigenetics-addiction
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2020a). Overdose death rates. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/trends-statistics/ overdose-death-rates
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2020b, May 25). What are risk factors and protective factors? Retrieved from https://www.druga- buse.gov/publications/preventing-drug-use-among-children-adolescents/ chapter-1-risk-factors-protective-factors/what-are-risk-factors
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2020c, June 3). Types of treatment programs. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/ principles-drug-addiction-treatment-research-based-guide-third-edition/ drug-addiction-treatment-in-united-states/types-treatment-programs
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2021, July 21). Words matter—Terms to use and avoid when talking about addiction. Retrieved
from https://www.drugabuse.gov/nidamed-medical-health-profession– als/health-professions-education/words-matter-terms-to-use-avoid- when-talking-about-addiction
NationalInstitutesofHealth.(2021)Lonelinessandsocialisolation—Tips for staying connected. National Institute on Aging. Retrieved from http://www. nia.nih.gov/health/loneliness-and-social-isolation-tips-staying-connected
Northstar Transitions. (2020, November 30). What Are the Three Cs of Al-Anon? Retrieved from https://www.northstartransitions.com/post/ what-are-the-three-cs-of-al-anon
Odgers, C. L., Caspi, A., Nagin, D. S., Piquero, A. R., Slutske, W. S., Milne, B. J., … & Moffitt, T. E. (2008). Is it important to prevent early exposure to drugs and alcohol among adolescents? Psychological science, 19(10), 1037‒1044. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02196.x
Ouimette, P., & Brown, P. J. (Eds.). (2003). Trauma and substance abuse: Causes, consequences, and treatment of comorbid disorders. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10460-000
Partnership To End Addiction. (2021). Substance use & addiction: How to make someone make a change in their own life. Retrieved from https:// drugfree.org/article/how-to-help-someone-make-a-change/
Polcin, D. L., Korcha, R., Bond, J., & Galloway, G. (2010). What did we learn from our study on sober living houses and where do we go from here? Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 42(4), 425–433. https://doi. org/10.1080/02791072.2010.10400705
Popescu, A., Marian, M., Drăgoi, A., & Costea, R.-V. (2021). Understanding the genetics and neurobiological pathways behind addiction (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 21(5), 544. https:// doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.9976
Psychology Today Staff (n.d.) What Is Addiction? Retrieved from https:// www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/addiction
Rachlin, H. (2007). In what sense are addicts irrational? Drug and alcohol dependence, 90, S92–S99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep. 2006.07.011
Robinson, L., Smith, M., & Seagal, J. (2021, November). Emotional and psychological trauma. Helpguide. Retrieved from https://www.help- guide.org/articles/ptsd-trauma/coping-with-emotional-and-psychological-trauma.htm
Salters-Pedneault, K. S. (2020, July 10). What is impulsivity? Very- well Mind. Retrieved from https://www.verywellmind.com/ impulsive-behavior-and-bpd-425483
Schuldt, W. (2021). Grounding Techniques. Therapist Aid. Retrieved from https://www.therapistaid.com/therapy-article/grounding- techniques-article
Self-care. (2022). Active Minds. Retrieved from https://www.activeminds. org/about-mental-health/self-care/
Seppala, E. (2014). Connectedness & health: The science of social connection. The Center for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education. Retrieved from http://ccare.stanford.edu/uncategorized/ connectedness-health-the-science-of-social-connection-infographic/
Sharp, A. (2022, March 16). Drug Withdrawal Symptoms, Timelines, and Treatment. American Addiction Centers. Retrieved from https:// americanaddictioncenters.org/withdrawal-timelines-treatments
Shorey, R. C., Gawrysiak, M. J., Elmquist, J., Brem, M., Anderson, S., & Stuart, G. L. (2017). Experiential avoidance, distress tolerance, and sub- stance use cravings among adults in residential treatment for substance use disorders. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 36(3), 151–157. https://doi. org/10.1080/10550887.2017.1302661
Smith, M., Robinson, L., & Segal, J. (2021, October). Overcoming Drug Addiction. HelpGuide. Retrieved from https://www.helpguide. org/articles/addictions/overcoming-drug-addiction.htm
Snoek, A., Levy, N., & Kennett, J. (2016). Strong-willed but not successful: The importance of strategies in recovery from addiction. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 4, 102–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2016.09.002
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAM- HSA). (2016). Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); Office of the Surgeon General (US). The neurobiology of substance use, misuse, and addiction. US Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/ NBK424849/
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2020, April 30). Mental health and substance use disorders. Retrieved from https://www.samhsa.gov/find-help/disorders
Sudhinaraset, M., Wigglesworth, C., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2016). Social and cultural contexts of alcohol use: Influences in a social-ecological framework. Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 38(1), 35–45.
Taking Good Care of Yourself. (n.d.). Mental Health America. Retrieved from https://www.mhanational.org/taking-good-care-yourself
Tennessee Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services (TDMH). (2021). Medication-assisted treatment. Retrieved from https:// www.tn.gov/behavioral-health/substance-abuse-services/treatment—re- covery/treatment—recovery/opioid-treatment-programs.html
Texas Health and Human Services. (2022). Outreach, screening, assessment & referral. Retrieved from https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/ mental-health-substance-use/mental-health-substance-use-resources/ outreach-screening-assessment-referral
The Family Disease of Alcoholism. (n.d.). Al-Anon & Alateen Family Groups of South Carolina. Retrieved March 24, 2022, from https:// www.al-anon-sc.org/the-family-disease-of-alcoholism.html
Thomas, S. (2022, January 4). Drug & alcohol withdrawal symptoms. DrugAbuse.com. Retrieved from https://drugabuse.com/treatment/ withdrawal/
Tracy, E. M., & Whittaker, J. K. (1990). The social network map: Assessing social support in clinical practice. Families in Society, 71(8), 461-470 https://doi.org/10.1177/104438949007100802
Volkow, N. (2020). Addressing the stigma that surrounds addiction. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/ about-nida/noras-blog/2020/04/addressing-stigma-surrounds-addiction
Volkow, N. D., Koob, G. F., & McLellan, A. T. (2016, January). Neurobiologic advances from the brain disease model of addiction. New England Journal of Medicine, 374(4), 363–71. https://doi.org/10.1056/ NEJMra1511480
Volkow, N. D., Michaelides, M., & Baler, R. (2019). The neuroscience of drug reward and addiction. Physiological Reviews, 99(4), 2115‒2140. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00014.2018
Watson, L.R., Fraser, M., & Ballas, P. (2022). The dangers of binge drinking. Health Encyclopedia. University of Rochester Medical Center. Retrieved from https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/con– tent.aspx?contenttypeid=1&contentid=1924
What’s the Difference Between Tolerance, Dependence, and Addiction? (2016, June 15). Retrieved from https://www.stepsrc.com/ whats-the-difference-between-tolerance-dependence-and-addiction/
White, A. M., Castle, I.-J. P., Hingson, R. W., & Powell, P. A. (2020). Using death certificates to explore changes in alcohol-related mortality in the United States, 1999 to 2017. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 44(1), 178–187. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.14239
White, T. (2021, November 29). Can you convince someone with a substance use disorder to get help? Psych Central. Retrieved from https://psychcentral.com/addictions/can-you-convince-someone- with-substance-use-disorder-to-get-help
Wilkins, C. (2019). Blame, shame and stigma are hurting families. The Center for Motivation & Change. Retrieved from https://motivation- andchange.com/blame-shame-and-stigma-are-hurting-families/
World Health Organization (WHO). (2018). Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/publications/i/ item/9789241565639
Worley, Julie. (2020) Spirituality in recovery from substance use disorders. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 58(9), 14–17. https://doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20200812-02